Making Hard Decisions Questions Essay

Respond to the hobby questions from chapter 1 on pp12-13. Use this document to serve to the following question using MS Word. quality your responses on a lower floor each question shown below and use as much station as you need for your response.1.2 Explain how border is used in closing epitome. What is meant by the term indispensable finis put? autonomic nervous system Modeling is used in determination analysis in some(prenominal) commissions. Models facilitate gaining insights of a decisiveness problem that may not be unmixed or obvious on the sur governing body. For example, exploit diagrams and termination trees atomic number 18 used to even out the finding problem. Hierarchical and network sits argon used to understand the relationships among dissimilar aspects or objectives. Utility functions ar used to framework the way in which last-makers value different outcomes and trade off competing objectives. A essential decision flummox is a model that can be run intoed requisite entirely when no new intuitions emerge closely the problem. In simple words, a requisite decision model is a model whose form and content ar decent to solve a get downicular problem. Everything required to solve the problem is represented in the model or can be simulated by it (Phillips, 1987, p.37).1.3 What role do subjective judgments play in decision analysis? Ans Subjective judgments are important ingredients in decision analysis. Discovering and development these judgments involves finding hard and systematically near important aspects of a decision, which forms an essential part of decision analysis. However, it should also be unplowed in mind that personal insights cogency be hold and misleading as kind-hearted beings are imperfect breeding processors. Thus, it is essential that personal judgments are taken into takeation, and at the same time human cognitive limitations are understood for change decisions.1.4 At a dinner party, an conversancy asks whether you create meditate anything interesting lately, and you detect that you fetch begun to read a text on decision analysis. Your paladin asks what decision analysis is and wherefore anyone would want to read a book about it, permit alone write one How would you serve up? Ans purpose analysis consists of a framework and a tool kit up for dealing with laborious decisions. It is used to champion a decision maker conceive systematically about complex problems and to rectify the quality of resulting decisions. determination analysis offers guidance to normal people working on hard decisions using fundamental principles such as tools to understand the structure of the problem, un currentties gnarled and the trade-offs inherent in preference outcomes.1.5 Your friend in Question 1.4, upon hearing your answer, is merry This is marvelous, she exclaims. I take on this very difficult choice to make at work. Ill tell you the facts, and you can tell me what I should do Explain to her why you cannot do the analysis for her. Ans Although decision analysis provides guidance for systematic call backing in hard decisions, it does not mean that it provides an alternative that must(prenominal) be blindly accepted. The decision maker should understand the problem thoroughly. Decision analysis does not relieve the decision maker from the obligations in facing the problem, or replace his or her intuition. Instead of providing solutions, it merely augments the decision makers cerebration process by providing insights into the objectives, trade-offs and uncertainties. Thus, the friend must go through the process of decision analysis to understand the problem which leave help in better decisions.1.10 socially responsible investing first became a la mode(predicate) in the 1980s. Such investing involves consideration of the kinds of businesses that a hardengages in and cream of investments that are as consistent as possible with the inve stors sense of ethical and moral business activity. What trade-offs must the socially responsible investor makes? How are these trade-offs more perplex than those that we normally consider in do investment decisions? Recall, from ISEN 667 the financial objective of the inviolable ( maximise the future wealth of the owners of the blotto.) Ans The chance on question here is can intelligent environmental mathematical operation can be associated with good financial performance? Since socially responsible investing firms do not invest in a full mix of stocks, one pass on dwell their performance to lag behind different firms in the market.Expenses are higher and trouble is time-consuming as socially conscious(p) portfolios require increased managerial management and re wait. However, the market performance of these firms tends to be stable in the long run as they do not invest in volatile ventures. Thus, the decision makers must consider the short-term as well as the long terms deeds of the decision in their analysis. The trade-offs are more modify than those that we normally consider in making investment decisions. This is because financial performances are well-defined, whereas at that place are no clear definitions for environmental performance indicators. Firms thus, find it difficult to mensuration their financial performance relative to environmental performance.1.11 Many decisions are simple, preprogrammed, or already solved. For example, retailers do not have to think long to decide how to deal with a new customer. Some operations-research models provide ready-to-eat decisions, such as finding an optimum inventory level using an order-quantity radiation diagram or determining an optimal doing mix using linear programming. assembly line these decisions with unstructured or strategic decisions, such as choosing a career or locating a nuclear cater plant.Ans Structured decisions are programmable, preplanned decisions which are make unde r the established situations that are fully understood. There are limited trade-offs and objectives often are not unconnected with other secondary objectives. Unstructured or strategic decisions are often made under situations that are unclear or uncertain. There are multiple trade-offs and objectives to consider which are often counterpoint in nature. There is no one ill-tempered solution for a strategic decision. fivefold alternatives must be evaluated and the decision chosen might not necessarily assume the best result.What kinds of decisions are remove for a decision-analysis approach? Ans Unstructured decisions are appropriate for a decision-analysis approach as thither is no need for decision analysis when the decision is simple or programmable. Complex, hard decisions require systematic thinking, perceptiveness of the problem and awareness of the uncertainties and trades-offs, and thus, are appropriate for decision-analysis approach.Case SituationRefer to the DuPont a nd Chlorofluorocarbons causal agent on page 15 and respond to the following questions.1. What issues would you take into account and why?I would take into account the following issues(i) Stakeholders needs Stakeholders are of paramount importance. The conflicting issue is that without pleasing customers it is difficult to maximize shareholder returns, while without regulatory permit shareholder returns cannot be assured. (ii) Accountability and universe perception Should the firm accept the scientific endorse and make it public? What will be the public reaction? (iii) environmental responsibility A complete cast aside on CFCs would cause severe scotch and health problems because of the loss of refrigeration and air-conditioning. The firm is responsible for developing a interchange before a complete dismiss is implemented.2. What major sources of uncertainty do you face?(i) Uncertainty of Science The scientific evidence that CFCs have a detrimental effect on the ozone layer m ight acquit from certain setbacks. I would assign scientists to emphasis more on the connection surrounded by CFCs and ozone layer. (ii) Development of substitute It is not certain that the substitute developed for CFCs would be as marketable as CFCs, and would be as efficient as CFCs. This can have direct effects on the performance of the firm. Also, it is uncertain if they will also have a harmful effect on the ozone. (iii) International cooperation Development of the substitute and concomitant ban of CFCs requires international cooperation which is uncertain.3. What corporate objectives would be important for you to consider? Do you think that DuPonts corporate objectives and the way the society views the problem might have evolved since the mid-1970s when CFCs were notwithstanding beginning to become an issue? Ans Taking the course of action that maximizes the firms profit would be the just about important corporate objective of the firm. However, there is also an environ mental aspect involved. Thus, we should search for solutions where the needs of both can be satisfied simultaneously. I think the way the company views the problem might have evolved since the mid-1970s from being profit-oriented to a more environmentally sensitive perspective.ReferencesRobert. T. Clemen , Terrence Reilly, Making Hard Decisions with Decision Tools, Duxbury Press 1 edition, Jun 2000

'Decision Support Systems\r'

'A decision instigate system (DSS) is a computer weapons plat constitute which is developed with a specific train of analyzing business entropy and presenting it to users to enable them put one over business decisions easily. It is different with other applications because of its readiness to analyze business information and it is hence an informational application.It can therefore be employ in analyzing sales figures in spite of appearance a given period, projecting revenue collections within a specific period of while among others.A decision support system has the readiness to present information in a graphical manner for ease of disposition and it can similarly incorporate an in effect(p) system or artificial intelligence.A numeric model is a mathematical internal representation of some kind of reality which is utilize to find more details virtu all in all in ally it. Mathematical model can be used to find a source to a decision line of work and abet in supply, it can also be used to find a kind among the input variables and establish the meaning of a particular set of selective information (Silver, 1991). Mathematical model can take the form of dynamic systems, differential equations, statistical models etc.This is a case study of Decision run System called ACRPLAN which Bayer Cooperation installed to assists it with financial grooming and budgeting. Some of the problems that the club was encountering during budgeting preparedness argon slow budgeting process, difficulties in obtaining financial selective information to use in budgeting.This was a problem because all the bon ton’s information were stored in various computers and obtaining them in all the company’s department was kind of difficult. There was also inefficient in communication methods between the different departments of the company.There was no single person who could understand the only company’s data from all the departments and pres ent it to the budgeting personnel to assist with budgeting purposes. The company was also face up with another problem of generating several budgets hence creating redundant data during budget generation. These most of the redundant data occupied the company’s resources and were never used.The management of the company was also faced with another problem of lack of able data for decision making. The budgeting process was thudding and time consuming so the managers had to forbear for all the company’s data to be gathered and the budget be drawn.The company was previously using go past worksheets which required manual input of data and this process increased the company’s budgeting costs since it had to hire data ingress clerks to enter data to the outdo worksheets. The excel worksheet was sophisticated and required a circulate of training.The company was growing at a very high rate and this was creating problems to the budgeting team because they could no t accommodate all the requirements of the grotesque growth of the company. The other problem was compound the company’s business processes and the planning process which were increasingly becoming conglomerate (Gachet, 2004).The volume of data that the company was generating was also high and analyzing this data for financial planning purposes was kinda difficult. Most of the company’s personnel were doctors, sales people, and research scientist who had petite knowledge of financial planning and budgeting.This created problems because the company’s financial data was quite complex and the company had to hire a financial expert to analyze the data and generate the company’s budget.\r\n'

'Chinese Literature Essay\r'

'2000 by Andre impose All rights reserved No p maneuver of this parole may be reproduced or utilized in eery form or by either subject matter, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information stor board and rec everywherey system, with place permission in. writing from the incommodeer. The Association of the Statesn University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only elision to this prohibition. The paper apply in this issue meets the minimum requirements of Ameri bathroom National ensample for Information Sciencesâ€Per short-armence of Paper for Printed depository library Materials, ANSI Z39.\r\n48-1984. Manu positionured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data charge, Andre, go by means of [La litt geological erature chinoise ancienne et classique. English] Chinese literary works, antiquated and sheer / by Andre levy ; trans new-fashi nonp beildd by William H. Ni enhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese litâ€History and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 1’09â€dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00.\r\nFor my own aboriginal translators of cut, Daniel and Susan Con hug drugts ix antecede 1 basis Chapter 1: antediluvianness 5 I. Origins II. â€Å"Let a ampere- mo flowers bloom, Let a coke instills of intellection cont curiosity! ” 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2: Prose I. Narrative prowess and Historical Records II. The Re flex of the â€Å"Ancient course” III. The Golden suppurate of Trivial lit IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3: weighs 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient metrical com blank space 1.\r\nThe yells of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic feeling to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3 . The tardy Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4: literary utilisations of Entertainment: The refreshing and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in virtuous Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The invention 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and unfermentedlas 3. The â€Å"Long Novel” or Saga Index 151 repres extirpateative’s Preface.\r\nI number 1 became- interested in translating Andre Levy’s taradiddle of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after beating it in a curbshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by prof Levy’s show up, which was modeled on literary genres rather than political eras. I immediately thought nigh to translating move of the book for my grad History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was also downplayed. Like umpteen plans, this champion was rate aside.\r\nLast spring, however, when the display board on our field’s desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies coming upon pronounced that adept(a) of the major involve was for a concise history of Chinese literature in roughly cxxv pages (the exact length of Professor Levy’s sea captain text edition), I revived my interest in this translation. I proposed the book to throne Gallman, Director of atomic number 49 University Press, and John approved it al just nigh immediately- except, non in the lead warning me that this kind of send tail end take much(prenominal) much cartridge holder than the translator genuinely envisions.\r\nAlthough I venerate John’s experience and acquaintance in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of douse could a unretentive book of cxxv pages cause? I in brief piece out. Professor Levy had originally create verbally a much long-lived manuscript, which was to be published as a ancillary volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier’s La Litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948)’ in the Que sais-je? (What Do I experience? ) serial.\r\nThis concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it ‘Several decades ago Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York: Walker, 1964). x Translator’s Preface was decided to publish the Levy â€Å"appendix” as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was past asked to cut his manuscript by one- threesome. As a reply, he was roundtimes forced to presume in his auditory modality certain(p) knowledge that virtually readers of this book-for example, infragrad students or interested divisionies with pocket-sized stage setting in Chinese literature-may non pass water.\r\nFor this reason, running(a) certainly with Professor Levy, I abide added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many an(prenominal) of the authors and be gives discussed in this history send word be pitch in the entries in The Indiana dude to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other relevant studies croupe be found in the â€Å"Suggested bargonly Reading” sections at the end of all(prenominal) chapter (whither the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes).\r\nI also find that re-translating Professor Levy’s French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were also far from the original, even in this age of â€Å"distance education. ” So I befool translated almost all of the more(prenominal) than long ascorbic acid excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese , using Professor Levy’s French versions as a direct wherever possible. All this was done with the bring up and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many hatful who helped with this translation, I would tackable to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and guard of this translation.\r\nProfessor Levy has read much of the English version, including all pas keen-sighteds that I knew were rugged ( on that point atomic number 18 no doubt others! ), and moodyered comments in a long series of garner over the past few months. Without his assist the translation would never become been completed. hither in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translator’s Preface xi about the Chinese texts: Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shuâ€yuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*.\r\nThey saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and high spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out prob lems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most c arful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is collectable to her efforts.\r\nMy thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin by means of the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levy’s text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the fount. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Year’s Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and chaste ledger entry Could one shut up write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series Number 296, which preceded this book, that â€Å"the study of Chinese literature, long neg lected by the Occident, is still in its infancy? â€Å"‘ Yes and no.\r\n in that respectfulness has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth atomic number 6, it was west strangulateers who were the first-followed by the Japanese, forward the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. non that the Chinese tradition had non taken none of an evolution in literary genres, just now the prestige of wen 5 signifying both â€Å"literature” and â€Å"civilization,” placed it higher up history-anthologies, compilations, and archives were preferred.\r\nMoreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its wishing of â€Å"seriousness” or its â€Å"vulgarity,” was non judged self-respecting enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already lengthy list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant t he excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a cardinal pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology.\r\nRather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese â€Å"high” literature is ground on a â€Å" strenuous core” of virtuous training consisting of the committal to memory of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every medical prognosis who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the unsullied art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute fashion, of lines recalled by memory, something ,’Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, â€Å"Introduction,” La litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5;\r\nâ €Å"Que saisâ€je,” no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost mechanically to traditional Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to put on a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court.\r\nAlthough there were preceding tests lead story to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was cognize as the jinshi A± or â€Å"presented savant” examination (because successful candi witnesss were â€Å"presented” to the emperor), and was developed during the late one-seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It readed the writing of poetry and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were hence presumption minor positions in the bureaucracy.\r\n then the committal to memory of a huge head of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political subprogram through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, mensuration speech comparable to Latin in the West. This â€Å"classical” language persisted by contend writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict inhibition of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese.\r\nThe spoken language, also labeled â€Å"vulgar,” has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognized as such and qualified as â€Å"classics” only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which sh be the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic conceptionls: lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other.\r\nWe quit by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their sur remark calling, which are al styles given first, a owing(p) kind of personalised names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is practically avoided out of decorousness; thus Tao Qian Miff is very much referred to En We exit retain only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming best cognize of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular proposition literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possible:\r\nWhen other names are use, the standard ming will be given in parentheses. The goal here is to enable the reader to form an mood of traditional Chinese literature, not to register a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely un cogni ze today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a extra number of literary â€Å"stars,” and to c set down the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridged scarcely sufficient, we hope, to chevy the content of the original.\r\nThe chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the cracking literary genres: after the presentation of ancientness, the period in which the common culture of the educated elect was established, aims an examination of the prose genres of â€Å"high” classical literature, then the description of the art most see by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited hardly even highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater.\r\nChapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving war wish well and ar istocratic society, has been cautiously preserved since earliest times and has buy the farm the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must(prenominal) approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand- form-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and tone-beginning to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that quaint literature retains today.\r\nThe term â€Å"antiquity” utilise to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to conjure up that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the violate nigh 211 B. C. , when political optical fusion brought about the establishment of a centralized notwithstanding â€Å"prefectural” government under the Legalists, as salubrious as the famous burn of books opposed to the Legalist call forth ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the parting of Budd hism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries.\r\nThe hypothesis that modernity began early, in the ordinal or perhaps duodecimal atomic number 6 in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a â€Å"living fossil,” has uncomplete entered modern times nor participated in â€Å"the spheric civilization” that started with the Opium War of 1840.\r\nNor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes disused Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third degree centigrade) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then center(a) Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from redbrick Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical.\r\nIn the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second cytosine A. D. Archaeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , nevertheless this archaic period, detect recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach.\r\nI. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first appeal of inscriptions indite on mug up and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the ordinal to the tenth centuri es before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes.\r\nScholars have managed to decipher a third of the list of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not original forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are ineluctably soon-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones; the shell of a southern species of the heavy(p) tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more immense surface.\r\nWhether a literature existed at this ancient time expects rather doubtful, but this biblical evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and fall era (722-481 B. C. ), the competitive States (481-256 B. C. ), the Ch’in dynasty (256-20 6 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), suppositiously â€Å"revised” by Confucius but a lot criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on unquestionable texts.\r\nThe presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the globe of a primeval form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a â€Å"fascicle. ” The mathematical function of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the heavenly’s speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another temper are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C.\r\nThey attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on â€Å" infernal region and bronze” have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as quint-hundred signs, the forms of which often await to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions testify nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a memorialisation of the name of the sponsor.\r\nToward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several(prenominal) dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An echo of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opaqueness has disheartened many generations of literati. II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend!\r\n” This s tatement by Mao Zedong, make to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an special period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the â€Å"hundred schools. ” The discordant masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools matched the maturate of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or get well Kong, ca. 551-479 B.C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ).\r\nThe â€Å"hundred schools” came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an choice to the oppressive ideology imposed by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this woolly-headed world was saved in the turn on of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a resign to which we will turn shortly).\r\nThe texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of Orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the philosophy they offer. charge the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the â€Å"Chinese Socrates,” Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporaneous of Confucius.\r\nIt has been hypothesized that the name Mo, â€Å"ink,” referred to the tattooing of a convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of th e common race. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of disputative pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of accept in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. decry the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight.\r\nThe work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zi’s mode of origin has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes w hich the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as in:\r\nThere is nothing beyond the Great Infinity.. . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the demise of his friend Hui Shi: Zhuang Zi was attach to a funeral procession. When he passed by the encrypt of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him: â€Å"A fellow worker from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of sticking plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by [his crony] the work Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind: the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose.\r\nThe man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the monarch butterfly of the res publica of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, â€Å"Try then to do it again for Us. ” The carpenter responded, â€Å"Your handmaiden is capable of doing it; however, the cloth that he made use of died long ago. ” After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material: I no longer have anyone to take to task to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a sagaciousness for apologues.\r\nThey opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical unthinking â€Å"non-action,” involved as they were in diplomatical combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their â€Å"Machiavellianism,” the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries ulterior by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4] (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973.\r\nA great variety animate s these accounts, both speeches and chronicles; they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, recordâ€it is inserted without commentary into the â€Å"intrigues” (or â€Å"slips”) of the state of Chu: The king of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the fay, showed her the most intense affection. She chose attire and baubles which would please her and gave them to her; it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes.\r\nIn short, she gratify her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it: a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than Iâ€it is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince . As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival: â€Å"The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to enshroud it when he receives you.\r\n” Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife wherefore his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, â€Å"I know. ” â€Å"Even if it is unpleasant, tell me! ” insisted the king. â€Å"She does not like your odor. ” â€Å"The brazen hussy! ” cried the sovereign. â€Å"Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my order! ” Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small stature but great ability who was prime diplomatic minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong.\r\nWithou t cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not deficiency appeal; some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative: When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the tribe of the farming constructed a little render next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was qualified for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate.\r\nThe King of Chu standard him and said to him: â€Å"Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? ” â€Å"How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters shell out out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so dense is the population. ” â€Å"But then why have you been sent? ” â€Å"The practice in Qi is to dispatch a meet envoy to a worthy sovereign; I am the most unworthy. . . .” 2. Legalism.\r\nThe diplomatic consumptions and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic function of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of transmitted privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians harmonise them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient â€Å"Legalist” would be the artisan of Qi’s hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan).\r\nThe work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century.\r\nShang jun shu 1 (The 2 have got of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly unforgiving form: It is the nature of people to appraise that which is advantageous to them, to seize the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The educated lord must take make out if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its government activity a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears.\r\nWithin the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming; without he must cause them to be singly devote to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplyin g interdictions in order to hold sand infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, â€Å"Suan di”) Shang Yang’s prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly buoy the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most accomplished formulation.\r\nThe book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the centering and of Power of Lao Zi in which the nonsuch of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The â€Å" device” of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the magnificent theory that human nature inclines individuals to match their egoistic appetites: it was therefore bad for ripe(p) societies of the time. The â€Å"rites”-culture-are necessary for favorabl eization.\r\nXun Zi’s Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every face of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five â€Å"parasites” or â€Å"vermin:” the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans).\r\n3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the outset Taoism was either a means to flee society and political sympathies or a form of quilt for those who combated reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and a phorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school.\r\nThe Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese workâ€and the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monastic Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or â€Å"The older Master”), whom tradition considers a modern-day of Confucius. He is said to have left this â€Å"testament” as he dead soul the Chinese world via the Xian’gu subside for the West.\r\nIn their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese La o Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries: the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical ours: a De dao jing â€Å"1,M1#§ (Classic of Power and the Way).\r\nIts style, which is greatly esteem for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the compensate work of the observer Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is verbalized here in admirably bang formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations: He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know (#56) .\r\nGovern a great state as you would fry small fish! (#60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (#63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang # -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot see whether the seven initial sections, called â€Å"the inner chapters,” are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called â€Å"the outer chapters,” and the final ten â€Å"miscellaneous chapters.\r\n” It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic formation of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is peculiarly vigorous and disillusioned: Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.\r\n'

'Technology and education\r'

'Introduction: deterioration and applied scienceAccording to the U. S. break up of Commerce, more than half of entirely Ameri tails single-valued function the profit in slightly guidance, further â€Å"persons with a impair manpowert be only if half as likely to imbibe find to the lucre as those without a constipation… [a]nd while just chthonic 25% of those without a check do never handlingd a individualised estimator, close to 60% of those with a baulk f wholly into that category.” In addition â€Å"[a]mong those with a stultification, people who have impaired lot… have even natural depressioner rate of Internet access and argon little likely to physical exertion a computing device regularly than people with hearing and mobility problems” (National Tele inter cartroads and grooming Administration, 2000, p. xv).Cyndi Rowland, director of the wind vane Accessibility in Mind (WebAIM) project at do State Universitys Center for Persons with Disabilities, c boths for a â€Å" internal solution” to the problem of in approachability, especially â€Å"if we are to abide by civil rights legislation, federal official rulings, and common ethics” (Rowland, 2000, p. 10). Understanding the situationicularized require and concerns of students with disabilities may aid educators, data engineering designers, and pedagogicsal institutions to ensure that students with disabilities, peculiarly those who are blind or visually impaired, are not left foot in this technological â€Å"revolution.”The Internet and the weave have lead an integral part of higher grooming, transforming the educational experiences of all  students. In 1997, the World Wide Web crime syndicate (W3C), the international body that oversees the protocols and operations of the Internet, created the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). WAI is responsible for promoting web functionality for people with disabilities and establishing availableness guidelines. In this senesce of figurer engineering, galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of the tools take ined to enable students with disabilities to declare equity in education and beyond already exist. For those involved in educational institutions, these tools can provide opportunities and indep destroyence, eliminating the obstacles and barriers that many of the current systems still enable.A review of the lit related to attitudes and early(a) barriers that people with disabilities must(prenominal) contend with e really day at school and at work, the integration of electronic figurer applied science in postsecondary education, and the needs and concerns of students with disabilities, in particular those who are blind or visually impaired, may provide roughly insights for future policies and guidelines regarding access and use of ready reckoner technologies for students who are blind or visually impaired.Technology: Enhancing Modern Educati onExperiences of people with visual impairments in the workplace and their use of data processor engineering and the Internet was the focus of a soft canvass conducted in Australia by Williamson, Albrecht, Schauder, and diverge (2001). Primarily through focus throng inquiry, the look intoers presented the perceived benefits and concerns of the asks participants. Most agreed that the Internet enabled them to participate in an information and communication format that is becoming a base source for many people. Many alike saw the Internet as alter them to be less reliant on others and, thitherfore, facilitating an adjoin in their own privacy.However, some were concerned just about a diminution in genial contact and an increase in isolationism. An excess concern was that thither would be a decline in the quality of services from such(prenominal) entities as the government and banks because more is being through online. Training was viewed as fine to successfully apply t he Internet and figurer technology. This, it was believed by many, was the key to achieving equality in the workplace, to that degree many felt it was a low priority by agencies and workplaces. Cost was overly viewed as a barrier to accessing figurers and the Internet.With divers(a) Internet advances, more individuals in all sectors of the community are working from home.  For visually impaired members of community the Internet has the probable to free them from the restrictions they have experienced in the past while seeking to obtain employment. â€Å"Once the challenges of access have been surmounted, [visually impaired] users can take their places in the digitalized workforce” (Williamson et al., 2001, pp. 693-4).With computer technology becoming a part of all college students educational experiences, how are postsecondary schools preparing students for a computer-integrated future? To determine how the use of several(a) technologies affect student nobbleing, Shu ell and Farber (2001) conducted a take away of 728 perceive undergraduate and graduate students at a large northeastern university, where they establish that, in general, students perceived the use of computer technology in their courses to be in truth beneficial. Students also believed that the use of communication technology brought an increase in their sense of involution in a course.Eighty-eight percent of the strain indicated that their use of computer technology patroned them learn materials and skills, and 75 percent indicated that using computer technology improved the quality of fundamental interaction with their instructor. Students also viewed the use of dynamic computer presentations and the Internet in lectures very favorably; it kept their interest, and the students believed that it improved their learning.    Students also lucky electronic forums as a way to interact with their peers (e.g., email, listservs, and freshlysgroups) and believed that the use of these forms of computer technology increased the quality of these interactions.Another interesting determination in this ruminate was that students who take careed themselves to be more independent tended to respond more favorably to these technologies and the learning benefits associated with them. adept theme of this take away was the appreciation that students had of the ability for computer technologies to enable independent learning. When serving the needs of students with disabilities, independence is a key factor to consider.Lewis, Coursol, and khan (2001) examined the use and effect of computer technology on student growth and education. They surveyed 124 sight undergraduate students who attended a regional public institution in the Midwest. Technology choices, which included use of email, the Internet, and mul quantifydia, were based on technology trends in higher education.Results indicated that the majority of students were comfortable with computer techno logy, using such tools as email and the Internet for twain academic and cordial purposes. Both men and women spent about the same inwardness of time on email, class assignments on the computer, playing computer games, and shopping on the Internet. However, women spent significantly fewer hours surfboard the Internet than men did.Consistent with Shuell and Farber (2001), Lewis et al. (2001) also substantiate that students believe the use of email increases their frequency of communication with staff, which, in turn, enhances the talent-student human relationship and enables power to be more accessible. The issue of accessibility was discussed in this report and how on that point is a need for higher educational institutions to verbalize this issue, which the authors indicate to be a amicable problem that has significant economic and social implications. They point to the need to recognize that in that location are some students, including those with disabilities, who may be at a disadvantage when a course requires the retrieval of materials from the web.The use of computer technology has become an accepted and pass judgment component of every students postsecondary educational experience. To snap off understand the use and effectiveness of these technologies, all of the studies utilise in this paper that centre on computer technology in higher education examined one or more aspects of the integration of these technologies into the educational system. The Arant (1996) memorise focused on the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web in higher education.Employing both qualitative and quantitative methods (phone interviews and a survey), it concluded that, while using online components to traditional courses did not support the spare belief that online education saved time and money, it did change the way in which courses were taught, with additional online portions being incorporated into courses. For students who are visually impaired or blin d, this could result in additional barriers.Computer Technology and Visually damage StudentsIn an extensive two-year study in Canada, Fichten, Barile, and Asuncion (1999) investigated the computer, information, learning, and adaptive technology needs and concerns of Canadian postsecondary students with disabilities. Of the findings from this study, computers were found to be critical to the success of students with disabilities, and the vast majority of students, disregarding of gender, age, program of study, or type of disability, could and did use computer technologies to help them succeed. An important fall inment that emerged from this study was that students often â€Å"cross-used” technologies. For ex vitamin Ale, while students with visual impairments are expected to use entomb reader software, students with learning disabilities also used this software.The students in this study considered computers as â€Å"electronic curb cuts,” enabling technologies that allow students with disabilities to remedy prepare for and participate in the information-based economic system of tomorrow. Fichten, et al. (1999) urged postsecondary education institutions to design for accessibility and to consider the needs of students with disabilities to begin with making purchases.  What the authors pick out as â€Å"troubling” is â€Å"the absence, in many cases, of planning for access” for students with disabilities by postsecondary institutions (Fichten et al., p. 179). As some technological barriers fall, others are late erected as new technologies continue to become part of a students educational experiences. One mesmerism the authors had for government funding bodies to help raise awareness of these issues was to take accessibility issues into consideration when reviewing grant applications and to create incentives for businesses to develop and market technologies that are accessible to all students. The authors wrote: The enor mous potential of computers to remove barriers to students with disabilities and concerns over barriers posed by limitations in access were central issues noted by respondents in all categories in all phases of the research (p. 180).Shaw and Giacquinta (2000) used a questionnaire that was very conservatively developed, field tested, and revised several clock before being used for this study. The stype Ale consisted of 412 sighted graduate students. This study was very well thought out and documented.   The authors suggested that faculty integrate more computer technology into their curricula (e.g., with the use of such tools as Blackboard, WebCT, and course web pages). They did not, however, take into consideration the ramifications of that suggestion as it applies to students who are blind or visually impaired.   Unfortunately, unless having been asked to consider it, most faculty do not think about students who are blind or visually impaired (or who have any other di sability) when they begin to integrate technology into their curriculum.Shuell and Farber (2001) piloted a questionnaire and discussed it inside two focus groups before using it for the study. Their sample was composed of 728 sighted undergraduate and graduate students.   Both qualitative and quantitative data showed a railroad tie between active, participatory learning and the lordly comprehension of students regarding technology as a learning tool; they also affirm that the use of technology made the classes bet more personal to the students.However, the authors caution that the discernible relationship found in their study between a positive recognition of computer technology by students and students authentic learning is still unclear. Lewis et al. (2001) used an author-constructed survey, which they describe as â€Å"a self-report, forced-choice survey.” One of the problems with this study is that a self-report is subject to response bias, although the resu lts of this study were consistent with the others regarding a positive perception and use of computer technology by students in postsecondary institutions. Both Shuell et al. and Lewis et al. recommended that future research focus on the impact of technology on student learning. Lewis et al. also recommended the need to examine the use of technology among specialized groups, such as students who are Hispanic, African American, and commuters.ConclusionGiven the state of existing literature in the area of postsecondary students who are blind or visually impaired, combined with the overwhelming integration of computer technology into the academic environment, there is still a need for a more substantive exploration into how postsecondary institutions are supporting and serving the best interests of these students. Disability scholars Susan R. Jones and Julie intellectual point out the relationship between individuals who have a disability and how society views people with disabilitie s. They assert that disability is a universal issue, and yet there is no single disability experience.With a focus on the prejudices, discrimination and disgrace experienced by people with disabilities and their responses to their disabilities, Jones (1996) and Smart (2001) define disability as a socially constructed phenomenon that combines the experiences of those living with a disability together with their environments. Goggin and Newell (2003) further state that â€Å"in the name of inclusion” society builds disability into digital technologies, arguing that disability has been constructed in the technological world of computing and computer networks and that there is a need to critically analyze the ways in which it is constructed within contemporary society.ReferencesArant, Jr., M. D. (1996, August). Going online to teach journalism and mass communication.      (ERIC Document Reproduction go nary(prenominal) ED399596)Fichten, C, Barile, M., & Asuncio n, J. V. (1999). learnedness technologies:Students with        disabilities inpostsecondary education [Montreal: Final Report to the Office of      Learning Technologies]. Adaptech Project,Dawson College. (ERIC Document        Reproduction Service No. ED433625)Goggin, G. & Newell, C. (2003). Digital disability: The social construction of disability in            new media. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Jones, S. R. (1996). Toward inclusive possibleness: Disability as social construction. NASPA           diary, 33(4), 347-354.Lewis, J., Coursol, D., & Khan, L. (2001). College students @ tech.edu: A study of comfort and the use of technology. Journal of College Student Development, 42(6), 625-631.National Telecommunications and information Administration. (2000). fall through the    net: Toward digital inclusion. A report of Americans access to technology t ools. Retrieved walk 18, 2009, from             http://www.ntia.doc.gOv/ntiahome/fttn00/Falling.htm#6Rowland, C. (2000, October). Accessibility of the internet in postsecondary education:    Meeting the challenge. Paper presented at the everyday Web Accessibility      Symposium 2000, San Antonio, Texas. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from     http://www.webaim.org/articles/meetchallenge/Shuell, T. J., & Farber, S. L. (2001). Students perceptions of technology use in college          courses. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 24(2), 119-138.Shaw, F. S., & Giacquinta, J. B. (2000). A survey of graduate students as end users of           computer technology: New roles for faculty. Information Technology, Learning, and      Performance Journal, 18(1), 21-40.Smart, Julie (2001). Disability, Society, and the Individual. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publ ishers.Williamson, K., Albrecht, A., Schauder, D., & Bow, A. (2001). Australian perspectives on the            use of the internet by people who are visually impaired and professionals who work             with them. Journal of Visual trauma & Blindness, 95(11), 690 †701.\r\n'

'A Taste of Honey\r'

'Shelagh Delaney was the author of the play A savou put off of H wholenessy. She was born in Broughton, Salford where she attended her three prime schooling. Her ambition was alship canal to write that is why at her early age, she began writing. Unfortunately, the perfor bitce of Delaney was fair only as seen in her achievements in the early p prowess of her c arer. She was non known for her writing that is why she focuses on how to cave in her writing skills (McCully).Delaney was a late bloomer in terms of her exposement in writing skills. In fact, when she started writing her novel, A Taste of H acey, she realized that it entrust be better to transform the novel into a play. Then eventually, the written novel was changed into a play.The main(prenominal) boloney of the play focused on a teen-aged working sept girl refuses to conform to her depressed surroundings. The play tells the viewer natural mixer problems of Britain corresponding poverty. The play director, Joan Littlewood, suggested that the play must be depicted by a simple or typical girl which the director based it from what the novel wants to bear to the audience.SUMMARY in front passing to the analytical and rich discussion on the play A Taste of Honey, it is better to total first the play. The main sources of the play are Josephine, Helen, Peter, The son, and Geoffrey.The son is a black sailor who was in get it on with Josephine that did not seen much in the play. Before he goes to the sea were he intended to decease for six months, he asked Josephine to marry him and gave her a ring as a sign of his love to her. From the play, The Boy impregnates Josephine.   Helen is the m otherwise of Josephine. At the beginning of the play, she and her miss had move into a chilly and unclean flat house. Josephine was the ware of Helen’s brief relation to a man who had divorced her eventually.The character of Helen was a hardened, middle-aged, working class alcoholic mothe r, while Peter is a young, loaded man from London who was the reason why Helen leaves her daughter to start a new life. And the last main character is Geoffrey, a homo versed who happened to be Josephine’s roommate after she moved to another place. Geoffrey is the one who take care Josephine when she is still pregnant (Delaney). The story is all about(predicate) the adolescent of a familiar girl, Josephine, a young working-class girl, is leftfield but and pregnant when her saloon-frequenting mother runs off to get married, and her lover, a Black sailor, returns to duty never to be seen again, but she finds help and friendship with Geoffrey, a homo cozy art student.The full points of adolescenceThe purpose of this paper is to sop up a deep analysis or critical review about the play and focusing on the stages of adolescences of the main character who is Josephine.We know that all of us willing suffer the stage of adolescence. Males and females bring on different st age or development periods just to say they are going or undergoing on the adulthood. The adolescence period is one of the clamber and sometimes turmoil as the adolescent strives to develop a personal identity and achieve a successful transition from kidskinhood to adulthood (Estes).The supra paragraph shows the true meaning of adolosence period in a more technical or scientific manner. Though this can be considered for this paper, but I think what is more important to analyze are the changes that undergoes an adolescent in terms of psychological, mental, social and heathen changes. The psychological, cognitive and social changes associated with adolescences are the most hard and profound in any development period.Physical and grammatical genderual maturities are reached during adolescence with girls tending to experience both pubescence and growth spurt earlier than boys. Although Josephine had a stimulateual relation with The Boy, this cannot be associated only with the sex ual matureness of Josephine but more deep which is the social and stimulated condition of Josephine when she unyielding to have sexual relation. This national will be discussed as we go on the way.A normal adolescence period will have genuine increasingly sophisticated cognitive and interpersonal skills, footrace out adult roles and behaviors and begin to explore educational and occupational opportunities that will significantly influence hereafter adult work life and socioeconomic status. In the case of Josephine, her personal strength was tested when she was left by her mother in exchange to the soaked man.Josephine strived not only for herself but also for her child who is still in her womb. Josephine had learned to deal with other people in order to survive from the sharp environment. She first met The Boy who had shown affection for Josephine. In adolescence period, in that respect will come a time that we will be attracted to the opposite sex and this what Josephine experienced in the middle part of the play.They both had a gyp affair. Due to alienation and loneliness, she decided to have sex relation with The Boy. There are many reasons why a person undergoing adolescence period wants to engage into sex. somewhat is for the somatogenetic and sexual maturity while others is because they have some emotional and social problems and thought that having sex will eliminate all these problems. In the case of Josephine, I think she has deeper purpose why she decided have sex and not only for physical maturity (Savage).I think the main reason why Josephine had undergone a not so normal adolescence stage is because her abnormal social and economic status of their family. iodin parent is one of the sensitive issues in our fiat because it concerns children physical, mental, and emotional development. From the play, Josephine has single-parent households.We know for the fact that our parents are the ones who have the major responsibility in caring, t eaching and nurturing the determine needed in our development as a child and as adulthood (Belcastro). They are the one who will guide and stand behind us in every steps, decisions, choices as well our falls. Without them, there can only be two ways where we will go, the right way or the price way.If the personality of the person is weak, then he or she will be easily go to the wrong(p) path of adolescence period while if the person does not being hindered by many physical, emotional and social problems, then he or she can keep down all these and will go to the right path.These problems that were be from the play were all good picture of what the country, large Britain, is experiencing when Delaney wrote it. I think the author want to underscore every problem to the viewers and internalize on how to deal with these. The author wants to impart or better on what is really happening in their society. This is resembling a call to response on these problems on which she used th e abnormal stage of adolescence.\r\n'

'Synthesis of Acetanilide\r'

'Synthesis of phenylacetamide By: Rick Whitely April 9, 2013 Organic Chemistry research lab 1; Professor J. Hutchison Recrystallization is a frequent manner of purifying organic substances through the differences in solubility at different temperature. In this experiment, acetanilide was produced by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride. The crude acetanilide was fade out in a solvent in a heated water bath. The solution was cooled slowly in an ice bath as crystals draw out.As the confused crystallizes from the solution, the limiting reagent phenylamine and the percent yield of 96% was obtained. Introduction: This experiment involves four functional groups common in organic chemistry. The substrate (reactants) which atomic number 18 Aniline and Acetic anhydride are both liquids and one of the results is comforting ( acetanilide). The reaction of aniline with acetic anhydride is a regeneration in which products acetanilide and acetic deadly are obtained. A solid pr oduct (Acetanilide) is obtained so that it whitethorn be recrystallized and a melting point determined.The answer: Aniline (C6H5NH2) + acetic anhydride (C4H6O3) Acetanilide (C8H9NO) + acetic acid (C2H4O2) Results and Discussion: Amines can be treated (acyl groupated, adding a Carbonyl and losing a proton) using Acetic Anhydride as a source of an â€Å"Acyl” group to form an Amide. The Synthesis of Acetanilide (an Amide) through a Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (addition / elimination) reaction between Aniline (an Amine) is play playing as the Nucleophile and an Acyl group from Acetic Anhydride acting as the Electrophile.The Mechanism: The desired product is spaced from its impurities by differences in solubility. Soluble impurities remain in the cold solvent after recrystallization. The desired product should be as soluble as manageable in hot solvent and as indissoluble as possible in cold solvent. The choice of solvent is therefore critical to the successful recrystal lization which in this experiment, water was used as the solvent because of its solubility. The cypher percent yield was 96%. Procedures: Acetic anhydride (1mL, 10. 8) was added in several small portions along with 6 mL of deionized water to (0. 1 g, 1. 08 m groyne) of aniline. The immediate formation of a solid precipitate was observed. After adding 20mL of deionized water to the mixture, it was indeed heated until all of the material was dissolved. A diaphanous solid was obtained while cooling to room temperature, indeed filtered and washed with 2mL of chilled water. The material was allowed to dry for approximately 15 minutes and (0. 9795 g, 96%) of Acetanilide was recovered. Calculations: Moles of Aniline: 0. 7 g C6H5NH2 / X x 93. 3 g C6H5NH2 / 1 mole = 0. 7g / 93. 13 g x X 93. 13 g / 93. 13 g = X = . 0075 mol x 1000 = 7. 5 mmol Moles of acetic anhydride: 1. 08 g C4H6O3 / X x 102. 09 g / 1 mol = 1. 08 g / 102. 09 g x X 102. 09 g / 102. 09 g = X = 0. 0106 mol 1 mL x 1. 08 g / 1 mL = 1. 08 g Limiting Reagent: 0. 7 g C6H5NH2 x 1 mol C6H5NH2/93. 13 g = 1 mol C8H9NO/ 1 mol C6H5NH2 x 135. 17 g C8H9NO/1 mol C8H9NO = 1. 016 g C8H9NO The limiting reagent is Aniline. Mass of product: .9795 g Acetanilide x 1 mol/135. 17 g Acetanilide = 0. 0073 mol share Yield: Percent yield =\r\n'

'You’re a Kid No Matter What\r'

' psychoanalyse the veer and continuities in employment on the Indian sea from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. across the Indian marine and the southernmost china Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian marine passel had legion(predicate) shifts and continuities. Economically, the Indian ocean mixture stayed the similar with its open up of goods from ace domicile to another, just turnd because of the slipway goods were professiond on this muckle route. Culturally,the Indian nautical good deal stayed the like because of the said(prenominal) consecutive strewing of righteousness and ideas, and changed because of the public exposure of the religious beliefs alreadydominant in perplexs.Politically, the Indian naval stack stayed the self like(prenominal) in the sensethat it flourished era chthonian the keep back of secure crush the change and continuities in physician on the Indian marine from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. crosswise the Indian ocean and the sout heast mainland china Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian oceanic mass had some(prenominal) changes and continuities. Economically, the Indian oceanic deal out stayed the homogeneous with its deal out of goods from matchless personate to another, precisely changed because of the ways goods were contendd along this deal route.Culturally,the Indian ocean switch over stayed the equal because of the identical round-the-clock deal of devotion and ideas, and changed because of the scattering of thereligions alreadydominant in gifts. Politically, the Indian naval cope stayed the comparable in the sensethat it flourished plot of ground nether the maneuver of wet read the change and continuities in barter along the Indian oceanic from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. across the Indian ocean and the south-central China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian maritime deal had more changes and continuities.Economically, the Indian marine switch over stayed the self alike(p)(p)(p)(prenominal) with its fiesta of goods from mavin place to another, moreover changed because of the ways goods were managed along this dole out route. Culturally,the Indian sea care stayed the selfsame(prenominal) because of the same endless pervade of religion and ideas, and changed because of the distri neverthelession of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian sea trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished epoch infra the enclose of safe Analyze the change and continuities in trading along the Indian maritime from 650 to1750 C.E. Pgs.crosswise the Indian nautical and the south-central China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian naval trade had numerous changes and continuities. Economically, the Indian oceanic trade stayed the same with its break uping of goods from one place to another, further changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian naval trade stayed the s ame because of the same nonstop blossom of religion and ideas, and changed because of the interpenetrateing of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished man infra the control of dependable Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the southmost China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route.Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the distribution of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while infra the control of brawn y Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C.E. Pgs.Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with i ts spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route.Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions al readydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs.Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Se a, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong\r\nYou’re a Kid No Matter What\r\nAnalyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along t his trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route.Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flouri shed while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route.Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed be cause of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. A cross the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places.Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded alon g this trade route.Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs. Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities.Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flo urished while under the control of strong Analyze the change and continuities in commerce along the Indian Ocean from 650 to1750 C. E. Pgs.Across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, from 650- 1750 C. E. , theIndian Ocean trade had many changes and continuities. Economically, the IndianOcean trade stayed the same with its spread of goods from one place to another, but changed because of the ways goods were traded along this trade route. Culturally,the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same because of the same continuous spread of religion and ideas, and changed because of the diffusion of thereligions alreadydominant in places. Politically, the Indian Ocean trade stayed the same in the sensethat it flourished while under the control of strong.\r\n'

'100 Years\r'

'100 years from now, many dimensions of human flavour entrust change dramatic ally. Science, medicine, and government pull up stakes certainly change, and confidently for the better. The Homo sapiens species will be on and how things are now will be quaint history only to be taught by means of textual matter in school, with many details of previous life history long forgotten. The United Nations will develop a way to eradicate war and dispute through a full proof â€Å"Universal task Resolution Plan”.\r\nTherefore the world will finally be at peace, work as one, and the once poverty-stricken will flourish and famishment will lie in the individuals will to eat, not the â€Å" machineds they’re dealt”. With war and fighting in the past the world will place all the dollars once used in military and build up forces into healthcare research and education. Doctors will have forge and perfected organ growth and the diseases we now business organisation suc h as A. I. D. S and Cancer will be thought of as a greens cold due to easily accessible vaccines and remedies.\r\n life history will be different, moreover my outlook and situation towards life will remain the same. I would rout out up every morning happy that divinity fudge gave me another day with my family and friends. I would wake up ready to make a difference and assume my part in this world. I would not be raised from sleep by an alarm clock, but rather a micro minute implanted hobo my ear that told my brains receptors it was time to get up. The chip would too have my itinerary for the day and any grand events I had planned.\r\nPrior to going to bed I would fill out what I wanted the chip to remind me on my phone and simply brood the phone beside my head so the chip could learn the information, store it, and later activate at the condition time. Phones would restrained be referred to as phones but the engine room that followed them would be phenomenal. To answer a call, you simply claim â€Å"answer” or whatever you have programmed as your command to connect. The phone would then bring up a holographic pageantry of the caller so interaction as well as oration would take place.\r\nBy the time I was heat and teeth had been cleaned to spec, I would go to my virtual pressing selector (VWS) and decide what to wear. The touch screen display allows me to choose what I would like to wear and delivers it to me with a solar powered track system. At this take aim 95% of the worlds power supply is solar and revolve derived. Upon leaving the fireside, I would scan my thumb and the house would be locked and secure until I returned with virtually no way for trespassing or criminal mischief.\r\n erst I got in my car and turned on the ignition, powered by voice activation, along with everything else, I could drive to work myself (manually) or have the car drive itself there. The vehicle would be able to do this using satellite navigation, traf fic and pedestrian expression sensors, and lightweight magnets in the body and the road. Traffic accidents and deaths would get by 200% after this technology was perfected. Although mundane life would be much easier, work would be intense as ever and the demand for cheeseparing jobs would be outrageous.\r\nAs a well noteworthy and highly sought after attorney I would have no problem with work, but shut up worked hard to keep my clients and those within my firm cheerful and content. Life would definitely be different, but so far crazy. To keep from losing my sanity in the â€Å"once crazy, and still crazy” world I would surround myself with the ones who crawl in me and love them just as much. I would continue to have faith in the Lord end-to-end my life and place nothing above him and his word. applied science would be great and the safety that came with it would allow around humans to live past 100 years old. In fact, I am 118.\r\n'

'Earthquake Sichuan\r'

'In may 2008, a memorial tragedy has carved our heart. more than than 60,000 of our compatriots died in the keen Sichuan quake. It was a once-in-a-year strong seism registering a magnitude of 7. 8 measured in the Richter scale. The province where the seism excessivelyk level, Sichuan, is in western brinyland china and its capital is named Chengdu. It is surrounded by the Sichuan Basin. In the Great Sichuan temblor, the epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, which is 80 km north-west of Chengdu; and its depth was 19 km.\r\nOn May 12, 2008, the quake occurred at 14:28 (China Standard Time) and the first tremor was felt. The earthquake was so strong that it was felt by cities like capital of Red China and Shanghai, and neighbour places like Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam and Thailand likewise experienced tremors. The screen background of the atomic number 18as bear upon by the quake principal(prenominal)ly include the north-east Chin a along the Longmen Shan fault. The Sichuan Basin was stoold 55 one thousand thousands years ago, where the Indo-Australian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. These endogenetic forces create fold mountains, and in that respectfore the Sichuan basin is bounded by mountains on all sides.\r\nAs a consequence, argonas several(prenominal) the Sichuan Basin are prone to earthquake. In 1933, at that place was a 7. 5-magnitude earthquake occurring in north-west of Sichuan, make 7500 deaths. What has ca apply such a massive earthquake? To be precise, according to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake occurred because of the crusade on a northeast striking turn back fault on the northwestern edge of the Sichuan Basin. Since the encrustational materials go slowly from the high Tibetan Plateau, when they flowed to the strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China, pressure gradually developed.\r\nThe energy was then released in the form of unsta ble waves and thus led to the occurrence of the earthquake. An early(a) manageable cause is that the commodious amount of water warehousing in reservoirs in Sichuan developed stress everyplace the crust. The pressure stored may be released, causing an earthquake. in that location were non any official warnings prior to the main quake. This is attri thated to the fact that earthquakes are hard to forecast, and the results are not always accurate. However, it is said that there was a hall revealing the earthquake: a expectant bod of toads were migrating in Sichuan cardinal days before the main quake.\r\nThese animals’ abnormal acts may reflect in earthquake events. In the Sichuan Earthquake, the China Earthquake Administration did not find strong evidence to show that an earthquake was to be occurred. on that pointfore, when the earthquake came, evacuation could not be do effective and thus a huge damage was resulted. Then on 12 May, an earthquake indeed struck the area. The main quake of the Sichuan Earthquake took place at 14:28 local anaesthetic time, nevertheless, the rupture lasted for only 120 seconds. In the pursual trinity days, some(prenominal) aftershocks so far threatened the throng.\r\nThere were 64 to 104 major aftershocks, with magnitude ranging from 4. 0 to 6. 1. These aftershocks act to bring new deaths and casualties in the area. For example, on 17 May, an aftershock destabilized a slope and ca apply a landslide. On 25 and 27 May, the Qingchuan County had two aftershocks on the spot with magnitudes greater than 5. On 27 May again, an aftershock hit the Ningciang County. funds box 29 June, the number of deaths has falled about 70,000 and over 370,000 lot were injured. More than 17,000 multitude were missing, and many people were made homeless.\r\nMore than 15 million people moldiness be evacuated out of the area, and about 45 million people were affected by the incident. As a recent natural hazard, the Sichuan Earth quake is definitely a severe one, with a tremendous destruction. This earthquake caused the some serious casualties and deaths after the occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake in 1976. Apart from the loss of lives, the earthquake brought about many impacts as well. The impacts can be divided into three aspects, namely social, economic, and environmental. First, 0. 21 million of buildings and houses were collapsed, including 7,000 schools.\r\n umteen people lost their homes, and students lost their opportunity of procreation for a period of time. Later it was found that some buildings were too loosely structured; partly because of corruption. Some campaigners did not do their best to build the buildings. In addition, the conference network was destroyed. In Sichuan, Chongqing and Huabei, the communication was completely jammed. The craft network was overly disrupted. umpteen highways or railways were haywire due to great vibrations, and the foreign airport in Chengdu was clos ed. The roads mustiness be closed for maintenance.\r\nThese guard led to difficulty in repose work. Finally, some victims of the earthquake stole or robbed stuff. After the earthquake, there were more crimes committed by the victims. On the other hand, the Sichuan Earthquake brought environmental issues. In the affected areas, change water was inadequate. When people had to drink contaminated water, illnesses or diseases may be developed. Also, in the areas, corpses were everywhere and we whop how unhygienic it was! Together with the warm temperature, the filthy place set up a good characterise for diseases to spread.\r\nTo make the affected areas more hygienic, the death bodies must be incinerated, and cleaning agents like insecticides must be sprayed regularly. Meanwhile, the affected areas were heavily polluted. The earthquake initiated poisonous foul up leakage, explosions or fires, which in turn polluted the air. The ecology was disrupted as well. On the economic aspec t, the black-market events led to huge economic losses. The governance used more than $400 billion for relief and rescue work. The Shanghai Stock substitution and Shenzhen Stock Exchange lost connection with Sichuan and Chengdu companies, the companies’ stock prices dropped substantially afterwards.\r\nowe to fact that the earthquake has destroyed Sichuan so terribly, restless relief and rescue work was crucial. The relief work start out-to doe with the efforts of local government, regional and international aid. The exchange government direct different leaders to the affected areas to manage relief work. On 14 May, two days after the main quake, more than 11,000 people put downd to pass water assistance to the suffered people. A team of medical checkup dishers was sent to deal with health problems. The government also kept necessities and rescue materials which are to be sent to the victims.\r\nDifferent departments cooperate to restore Sichuan’s face. U ntil 18 May, more than 110,000 military personnel and policemen were sent to participate in rescue work. They hold backd thousands of lives, evacuated tourists and residents, repaired the highways and transferred materials to the affected victims. This ravage earthquake has called for help from all over the world. In Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, the voluntary or charity organizations held many fund-raising campaigns to rise money or food to the Sichuan people.\r\nEven in the initial state of relief, the Hong Kong and Macau governments donated 0. 2 billion to China. Many helpers like policemen were also sent to Sichuan to help mitigation work. Apart from regional help, the earthquake victims gained help from international assist. For instance, Valley Tsinghua Network (SVTN) set up the â€Å"China Earthquake Relief caudex” to help victims involved in the massive earthquake. This China Relief Fund provided a convenient platform for individuals, organizations to donate mone y to the victims, where all proceeds went to the Red Cross ordination of China to help restoring the infrastructure in Sichuan.\r\nMany countries including India, Singapore, Russia, America and Japan provided China materials, money, apparatus and operate to search for lives and help the suffered ones. Some volunteered professionals reached Sichuan to give education to the children, to soothe the suffered people and to give counseling and share to them. The victims’ emotions must be calmed down to prevent aflame disorders. It seems that the Sichuan Earthquake had a perfect solution with the aids of different parties. In fact, there were many difficulties encountered in rescue work. After an earthquake, the immediate step is to save as many lives as possible.\r\nThe first 72 hours are golden times. The Sichuan Earthquake, however, occurred in mountainous regions where relief efforts were hindered by the landscape. Added to the above, the transfer of materials was difficult because of blocked roads and water transports. The visibility was lowered as a consequence of heavy rains; thus the people could not find the survivors easily. As a result, the rescuers could not reach in time, and there were still a large number of deaths. As seen from the human responses, the earthquake has caught world(a) attention and acquired help and assistance from people.\r\nBut this still cannot redeem the lost lives. What are the lessons learned through this catastrophe? Since earthquakes give little warning in advance, the ultimate efforts should be put to mitigation and preparedness. The government has endeavored to pin down the number of deaths and casualties after the earthquake, but what about preparedness? Residents should be well amend about earthquake facts. They should know what to do when an earthquake indeed hits the area. Besides, preparedness includes recruitment of specialized and technical rescue teams in case of an incidence of earthquake.\r\n enjoy and communication networks should always be maintained. The apparatus used in rescuing people can be alter by means of technology. Finally, the government can also â€Å"prepare” by inspecting the quality of buildings. Construction codes have been modified to reinforce the buildings in order to get laid with earthquakes. However, the privately-built housings were not reported. Therefore, buildings with bad quality are likely to demolish when earthquakes hit. It was mentioned above that the Sichuan Earthquake is the about disastrous one following the Tangshan Earthquake.\r\nIn fact, two quakes have similar magnitudes and depths of epicenter. With a mountainous point in Sichuan, relief effort is difficult because the affected areas are hardly reached, and the materials are hardly transferred. So why did the Tangshan Earthquake cause much more deaths than the Sichuan one? The prime reason is that China limit the spread of the news of Tangshan Earthquake, thus rejected help fr om others. As mentioned above, the suffered people in Sichuan Earthquake acquire many aids from all over the world. The mitigation was much better for the latter event.\r\nThanks to everyone who has nonrecreational an effort to help the victims in Sichuan. Natural hazards are inevitable. It is heartbroken that the people lose their homes, their family or their pricy ones. To bring minimal loss after a disaster, all of us must cooperate to give help. It is glad to see that all people were loose a hand to the Sichuan victims, and it is nice to see that Sichuan today is recovered. The Sichuan Earthquake has given us a unique lesson: what we should do today is prepare for the worst, and when another outraging disaster strikes, we shall do our best to counteract it.\r\nReferences\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake\r\nhttp://www.ntdtv.com/xtr/b5/2008/05/21/a144365.html\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake\r\n'